• ideas are investigated by asking for and actively seeking information;
• multiple tests of ideas are performed before accepting or rejecting them
• alternative scientific explanations are analyzed
• conclusions are based on scientific evidence obtained from a variety of sources.

• the sun, moon, Earth, other planets and their moons, meteors, asteroids and comets
• relative size of and distance between planets
• the role of gravity;
• revolution and rotation
• the mechanics of day and night and phases of the moon;
• the relationship of the Earth's tilt and seasons
• the cause of tides
• the history and technology of space exploration.

• identifying and describing the first Americans, their arrival from Asia, where they settled and how they lived, including Inuits (Eskimos), Anasazi (cliff dwellers), Northwest Indians (Kwakaiutl), Plains Indians, Mound builders, Indians of the Eastern forest (Iroquois, etc.), Incas and Mayans
• explaining how geography and climate influenced the way various Indian tribes lived
• evaluating the impact of native economics on their religions, arts, shelters, and cultures.

• energy transformation (from food or photosynthesis)
• respiration, movement, waste removal, growth, irritability (response), and reproduction.

• energy transformation (from food or photosynthesis);
• respiration, movement, waste removal, growth, irritability (response), and reproduction.

• ideas are investigated by asking for and actively seeking information;
• multiple tests of ideas are performed before accepting or rejecting them;
• alternative scientific explanations are analyzed
• conclusions are based on scientific evidence obtained from a variety of sources.

• energy transformation (from food or photosynthesis)
• respiration, movement, waste removal, growth, irritability (response), and reproduction.

• observations are made involving fine discrimination between similar objects and organisms;
• a classification system is developed based on multiple attributes
• differences in descriptions and working definitions are made
• precise and approximate measures are recorded;
• scale models are used to estimate distance, volume, and quantity
• hypotheses are stated in ways that identify the independent (manipulated) and dependent (responding) variables
• a method is devised to test the validity of predictions and inferences;
• one variable is manipulated over time with many repeated trials
• data are collected, recorded, analyzed, and reported using appropriate metric measurement
• data are organized and communicated through graphical representation (graphs, charts, and diagrams);
• models are designed to explain a sequence.

• energy transformation (from food or photosynthesis)
• respiration, movement, waste removal, growth, irritability (response), and reproduction.

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